Population+and+Change

Definition of Terms
Visit Glossary of Demographic Terms for more definitions
 * **Population: ** It is the total number of __people __ living in a given __area __ at a given __time. __
 * **Population distribution **: It refers to the __spread __ of a population in a given area. It could be s //parsely, moderately or densely // distributed.
 * **Population density **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">: It is the //<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">average //<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> number of people living in a given area per squared kilometers.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Birth Rate **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">: It is the average number of children born per 1000 population per year.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Death Rate **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">: it is the number of people who die per 1000 people per year.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Fertility Rate **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">: It is the __<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">average n __<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">umber of children that a woman is expected to bear in her lifetime.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Infant mortality **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">: It is the number of babies who die before their first birthday, per live birth.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Child Mortality: **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> It is the number of children who die before their fifth birthday, per live birth.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">**Demography** : concerned with the study of human populations.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Population Structure: **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> The structure of a population describes the distribution of the population in terms of the sex and age groups.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Population Pyramid **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">: Population pyramid is a graph that depicts the structure of the population in terms of the sex and age groups.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Youthful Population: **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> A youthful population is the population within the age groups of 0-14. It is also called the children population.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Working Populatio **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">n:The working population is the age group that ranges between 15 and 64. There are two types: the economically active (those actively working)and the economically inactive population (those who are unemployed or still in school).
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Ageing Population **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">: This is the age group above 64 year. They are also called the elderly population
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">**Dependency Ratio**: The //dependent population// is the population consisting of the youthful and elderly population. The dependency ratio is the ratio of the dependent population to the working or economically active population. It is calculated in the formula: DR = __ (0-14) + (65+) __
 * (15 - 64)
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Pro-natalist Policy **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">: A Policy aimed at increasing the population or birth rate of a country. Eg. France, Sweden and Singapore have pro-natalist policies.n
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Anti-Natalist Policy **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">: A policy that is aimed at reducing population growth or birth rate. E.g China's One-Child Policy.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Migration **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">: the movement of people from one place to another, either permanently, seasonally, voluntarily or forced. It involves a change in residence. Daily commuters are not generally considered migrants. There are two main types of migration. These are
 * **External Migration**<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">**:** migration across national boundaries. It is also called International migration
 * **Internal Migration**//<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">: //<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> Movement of people within a country.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Natural change **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> - changes in population due to changes in birth and death rates.
 * **Natural increase**<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> - increase in population due to an increase in birth over death in a country.
 * **Natural decrease**<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> - decline in population due to an increase in death over birth in a country.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">**Population momentum** - it is the tendency for population to grow despite a fall in birth rate and fertility levels. This happens when the number of women of childbearing increases in number such that they give birth faster than the death rate. This has the tendency of causing the population to increase astronomically.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">**Population Projection** - these are future population estimates based on the current age-gender structure/fertility, mortality and migration
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">**Doubling time:** it is the period of time taken for population to increase twice its size, assuming natural growth rate remains unchanged.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">**Replacement rate**: - it is the level at which each generation has enough children to replace themselves in a given population.

<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">World population growth is increasing, and is already causing many problems. It is projected to continue growing in some parts of the world whilst others stabilize, with some estimates putting the final population of the world as high as 12 billion (it is currently half that). Latest official current world population estimate, for November, 2012, is estimated at 7 billion. The areas of high population growth include Asia, Africa and Latin America.. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Population growth in the LEDC's could lead to a range of problems. As the population of the world continues to grow at an ever increasing rate, the pressure on natural resources such as food and fuel also increases. In 1798 Thomas Malthus produced an interesting theory on how population and food resources might continue. He said that population is growing at a geometric rate (1,2,4,8,16,32 etc), whilst food production is increasing at an arithmetic rate(1,2,3,4,5,6 etc). This means that at some point the food supply would not be enough to support the population and so the population would have to be curbed in some way. //// //Population growth over time// <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">It took over 1m years for the world’s population to reach 1billion. (1830) <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Then it took 100yrs to reach 2billion in 1930 <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Took 30yrs to reach the 3rd billion in 1960 <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">15yrs to reach the fourth billion 1975 and <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">12yrs to reach the 5th billion 1987 <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">The 6th billion also took 12yrs in 1999 <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">This shows that world population growth has slowed down. http://sustainablenz.org
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;"> **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">World pop ****<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">ulation Growth **

The following YouTube videos puts the world's growth into perspective: media type="youtube" key="-UbmG8gtBPM" width="447" height="250"media type="youtube" key="nW_CDovlyVE" width="448" height="251"
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;"> **

<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">It describes the way the total population of a country changes over time, taking into consideration birth and death rates. The model suggests that mortality and fertility would decline as a result of social and economic development. It predicts that all countries would go through four demographic transition stages over time. These stages include:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Demographic Transition Model **

Source: http://na.unep.net <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">**STAGE 1– High Stationary or Pre-Industria**l <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Characteristics:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Birth Rate High
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Death Rate High
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Natural Increase Low
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Fertility Rate High
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Infant Mortality Rate High
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Examples: Various isolated communities in the least developed regions of Africa; war-torn regions (eg Afghanistan, Sudan, Angola); political hotspots (eg North Korea)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Other Characteristics: Characterizes pre-industrial societies. Most of the population is rural and involved in subsistence agriculture.

<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Reasons for High Birthrate:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Little or no family planning
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Parents have many children because few survive
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Many children are needed to work the land
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Children are a sign of virility
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Some religious beliefs and cultural traditions encourage large families

<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Reasons for High Death rate:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Disease and plague (e.g. bubonic, cholera, kwashiorkor)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Famine, uncertain food supplies, and poor diet
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Poor hygiene, no piped clean water or sewage disposal

<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;">Characteristics <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">STAGE 2– Early Expanding or Early Industrial **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">high birthrates
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">falling death rates
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Natural Increase Increasing
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Fertility Rate High
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Infant Mortality Rate High
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Example : Sub-Saharan Africa
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Other Characteristics: Characterizes post-industrial societies.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Most of the population is rural, but urbanization is increasing rapidly. Dependency load begins to increase rapidly as the young cohort (%<15 yrs old) begins to dominate the proportion of the population.

<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;">Reasons for high birth rates are the same as stage 1

<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;"> Reasons for falling death rates
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">improved medical care e.g. vaccinations, hospitals, doctors, new drugs, and scientific inventions
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Improved sanitation and water supply
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Improvements in food production in terms of quality and quantity
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Improved transport to move food and doctors
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">A decrease in child mortality

<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">characteristics:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">STAGE 3– Late Expanding or Late Industrial **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">falling birth rate
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">low death rate
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">total population growing, but slowly
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">life expectancy is high

<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Reasons for falling birth rates
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Family Planning utilized; contraceptives, abortions, sterilization, and other government incentives adopted
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">A lower infant mortality rates means less pressure to have children
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Increased mechanization and industrialization means less need for labour
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Increased desire for material possessions and less desire for large families
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Emancipation of women
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Example Region: South and East Asia
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Other Characteristics: Birth control is introduced and begins wide social acceptance. Social and economic issues begin to be addressed. Dependency load is still large due to a large young cohort group (<15yrs old).

<span style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode,Lucida Grande,sans-serif;">Late Stage 3
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Birth Rate Decreasing to a manageable level
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Death Rate Low
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Natural Increase Decreasing sharply
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Fertility Rate Decreasing sharply
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Infant Mortality Rate Lowered
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Example Region Latin America, Tiger Economies
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Other Characteristics: Ends the population explosion. People choose smaller families due to many social and economic factors. Urbanization dominates. Population stabilization begins. Population continues to grow due to the large young population reaching childbearing age.

<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">**STAGE 4– Low Stationary or Low Fluctuating**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">birth rate is low
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">death rate has fallen
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">total population is high and stationary
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">life expectancy is very high

<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Reasons for low birth rates:

<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">Fertility rates plunge to below replacement rate (2.1 children per woman) because:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Valuation of women beyond childbearing and motherhood becomes important
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Increasing value is placed on material goods over family size in modern industrialized society
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Widespread choice of contraception by families

Reasons for low death rates:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Child mortality reduced and life expectancy increased due to:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Capital ($$$) investment in medical technology
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Widespread knowledge of healthy diet and lifestyle
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Example Region: MEDC’s, China
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Other Characteristics: Population growth no longer a social and economic issue. Birth and death rates fluctuate minimally and natural increase stops. An overwhelmingly urban society. Dependency load is small (large working age group).

<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif; line-height: 1.5;">**Criticism of the DTM**…
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">The model is an over-generalization of the industrialized European experience;
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Model is too rigid in assuming all countries proceed from stage 1-4; it ignores variables and exceptions (eg. War, political turmoil);
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Industrialization is difficult to achieve for LEDC’s in a trading system that protects the industries of MEDC’s;
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">The model assumes that reductions in fertility are a function of increased wealth and industrialization– other factors such as the status of women and other social development are ignored.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Sans Unicode','Lucida Grande',sans-serif;">Migration is an important component of population change, however this is ignored in the model.