Tourism+Management+in+Urban+and+Rural+Areas

Definitions:
 * Leisure at the local scale- Tourism management in urban areas**
 * ** Primary Tourism resources ** – the factors or attractions which are the main reasons that tourist want to visit a place. They may include scenic, cultural, historical, religious, ecological and climatic resources.
 * ** Secondary Tourist resources ** – facilities provided to support tourism in the city, such as accommodation, shopping, catering, entertainment, transport and information services.

A former capital of Russian Empire, also called Leningrad and served as center of tourist attraction between 1924 and 1991 Attractions include art, architecture, culture and history Located on a collection of flat delta islands, it is the oldest part of city established in 1703 by Peter the Great. Main features of Primary tourist attraction Attractions outside the city
 * Case study of St. Petersburg, Russia **
 * Defensive wall of Peter and Paul fortress within which lies the Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul
 * Hermitage Museum – noted for its architectural design and art gallery. Consist of 1057 rooms and 117 staircases.
 * St. Isaac’s Cathedral
 * Nevskiy Prospekt or ‘grand avenue’
 * Peterhof(Petrovorets), Peter the Great’s palace in early 1700s – extensive landscape gardens with pavilions, artificial lakes and lavish fountains.
 * Piskarevskoe Memorial cemetery – mass unmarked graves of almost a million of those killed during Siege of Leningrad.
 * Secondary tourist Resources in St Petersburg
 * Main airport –known as Pulkovo, Russia, largest airport, serves 6m passengers annually.
 * Hotels
 * Homestays and private flats
 * Cheap, clean, reliable underground railnetwork, known as METRO
 * Canal and river boats
 * Retail outlets
 * Cafe’s and restaurants

Concerns have been raised about the impact of tourism and the land uses on the wildlife population. This has led to the development of the concept of **CARRYING CAPACITY.** The UN Tourism Orgn in 1992 defines carrying capacity as //“The maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic and socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of the visitors’ satisfaction” (cited in PAP/RAC 1997, p. 5).//
 * Leisure at the local scale: Tourism management in Rural Areas **

Hunter’s definition of carrying capacity:
 * “//Physical carrying capacity// – the limit of a site beyond which wear and tear will start taking place or environmental problems will arise.
 * // Psychological (or perceptual) carrying capacity // – the lowest degree of enjoyment tourists are prepared to accept before they start seeking alternative destinations.
 * // Social carrying capacity // – the level of tolerance of the host population for the presence and behaviour of tourists in the destination area, and/or the degree of crowding users (tourists) are prepared to accept by others (other tourists).
 * // Economic carrying capacity //– the ability to absorb tourism activities without displacing or disrupting desirable local activities.”

Papageorgiou and Brotherton (1999, p. 272) underline what they think the central point of the concept of carrying capacity is: “//In a recreational context, central to all definitions of carrying capacity is the idea of maintenance of the integrity of the resource-base and the provision of a high-quality recreation experience to users.”//

**Factors influencing the carrying capacities of tourism destination**s
 * Fragility of landscape to dev’t and change
 * Existing level of tourism dev’t and infrastructure
 * Level of organization of destination manage’t
 * existing level of exposure of cultures and communities to outside influences and lifestyles
 * Economic divergence and dependency upon tourism
 * Level employment and poverty
 * Type of tourist and their behavior
 * Number of tourist
 * Degree of emphasis placed on the environmental education of tourist and local people
 * Attitudes of local people to the environment and their willingness to exploit it the short-term gain

Case study of Estosha National Park References: Planet Geography by Stephen Codrington pages 392 -402 The Geography of Sports and Leisure by Staurt Terrell Pages 45-48 The New Wider World – David Waugh Chapter on Tourism