Movement+Responses+-+Migration

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another either permanently, seasonally, voluntarily or forced. It could include the ff.
 * Temporary
 * Seasonal
 * Daily
 * Permanent International migration is the movement of people between countries

**Emigrants** are people who leave a country **Immigrants** are people who arrive in a country. **Migration balance** = the difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants **Net migration loss** = more people are lost through emigration then are gained through immigration. **Net migration gain** = Receive more people by immigration than by emigration. **Voluntary migration** = Movement of people or migrants looking for improved quality of life or personal freedom. Eg. Employment, trade and economic expansion, territorial expansion, social amenities etc.
 * Key Definitions **

International Migration International migration can be divided into: Voluntary migration – the free movement of migrants looking for an improved quality of life and personal freedom. Reasons for voluntary migration include: Forced migration – the migrant has no personal choice but to move due to natural disasters or to economic or social factors. Reasons for Forced Migration include:
 * Employment
 * Pioneers developing new areas
 * Trade and economic expansion
 * Territorial expansion
 * Social amenities
 * To be with friends and relatives
 * Better climate
 * Religious and/or political persecution
 * wars, refugees
 * Forced labor as slaves or prisoners of war.
 * Racial discrimination
 * Lack of food due to famine
 * Natural disasters caused by floods, drought etc.

Refugees : They are people who have been forced to leave their home or country for reasons of race, religion, politics, internal strife or due to environmental disaster. They move to other countries hoping to find help and asylum. They do not include displaced people in their own country. The UN suggested that as at 2000, there were about 15m refugees in the world. More than half are children and most adults are women. Over 80% are from developing countries. Examples of Refugees: Case study of refugees fleeing war in Syria Economic Migrants: They are people who move voluntarily from one country to another hoping to find jobs and consequently a better quality of life and standard of living. Problems facing migrant in UK:
 * 6million Afghans forced to leave for Pakistan and Iran due to war.
 * 1.5m Ethiopians, Sudanese and Somalis due to drought and civil war
 * Rwandan Civil war in Central Africa
 * 500,000 people from DRC
 * Present day Darfur regions in Sudan
 * Difficulties with English Language
 * cultural differences
 * racial prejudices
 * Poor Housing, resulting in overcrowding
 * High birth rate and larger families
 * Fewer education opportunities
 * Problems facing migrants
 * Lack of money and lack of access to some services
 * High rate of crime – violence, drugs and residents complain of police harassment.
 * Difficulties in finding jobs

Case Studies: Rural to Urban Migration: During the industrial Revolution in the 19th cent. Many in Britain were forced to migrate to the countryside (Push factors causing rural depopulation) and also attracted to the growing towns and cities (Pull factors leading to urbanization). B/n 1930 and 1980 there was a steady drift of people from north and west south east of Britain. People left areas such as NE England, Scotland, Yorkshire and some rural parts of northern Ireland due to the following factors: Push factors: > Exhaustion of minerals (coal/steel/iron ore > Decline in older industries > Poor paid, mainly manual jobs > Poorer transport links > Decline of older ports > Fewer cultural amenities, social/sporting events
 * Older, poorer-quality housing

The south-east increased their population due to the ff. pull factors: > Growth of newer/lighter/footloose ind. > Better paid job > Better transport links e.g. motorways > Fewer polluted industrial environments > Growing links with Europe > Better services – schools,shops,hospitals > Warmer, drier climates
 * Newer, better quality housing

It is the process by which people and employment move away from major cities and conurbations to smaller settlements. It is therefore the mov’t in the reverse direction to that of rural-urban migration. It occurred in SE England when families and businesses started moving out of London to live in new towns. Reasons for counterurbanisation
 * Counterurbanisation **
 * Employment
 * Decline of industry in inner cities as against well paid jobs in footloose industries outside the city center.
 * Housing
 * Affluent people prefer to live in modern houses with better indoor amenities
 * Changing Family status
 * Mov’t as a result of increase in wealth or change in family size
 * Moving away from noise, visual pollution, for a quieter, less polluted environment.
 * People move due to prejudices against neighbors and ethnic groups, an above average local crime and vandalism rate, or poorer educational facilities

Who moves out? Many migrants move for the ff. reasons:
 * Those with higher incomes now capable of buying their own homes
 * Those with higher skills and qualifications
 * Parents with young family wishing for gardens, open spaces larger houses
 * Migrant workers
 * In countries with low standards of living and shortage of jobs, people migrate to neigbouring countries hoping to find jobs.
 * Returning home after several years with their ‘fortune’.
 * Bringing their families to join them
 * Working seasonally at harvest times

**Case Study 1: Turks in German**y

Reasons: Jobs taken by Turks in W. Germany [|Why Germany needs migrants] Advantages of Migrant workers Losing Country: E.g Turkey Gaining Country: e.g W. Germany
 * West Germany needed rebuilding after 2nd World War.
 * More job vacancies than were workers available
 * West Germany become wealthy and attracted migrants southern Europe and Middle Asia
 * Unfortunately, countries in S. Europe and MidEast has surplus labour due to lack of jobs. This resulted in the mov’t of people from poorer countries like Turkey to wealthier ones like West Germany.
 * Farming in rural areas
 * Factory workers
 * Construction industry
 * Reduces pressure on jobs and resources
 * Loses people of child-bearing age-thereby reducing child birth
 * Migrants develop new skills which they take back home
 * Money earned sent back home in form of remittances
 * Overcomes labour shortage
 * Labour prepared to do dirty, menial jobs
 * Prepared to work long hours for less pay
 * Some enjoy services of highly skilled migrants.
 * Cultural advantages and links

Disadvantages of Migrant Workers Losing country Receiving country media type="youtube" key="n5s3bBZEtCw" width="392" height="219"
 * Loses people in working age groups
 * Loses people most likely to have some educational skills
 * Many males leave causing a division of families
 * Left with an elderly population and so a high population of elderly
 * Pressure on jobs
 * Low quality housing, overcrowding, lack of basic amenities
 * Racial tension
 * Lack of opportunities to practice their own religion, culture etc
 * Language difficulties

__**Theories of Migration**__ There are two main theories which explain migration;
 * 1) Everette Lee's Theory
 * 2) Ravenstein's Law

__**Ravenstein's Law**__
 * Most migrants proceed over short distances
 * Migration occurs in a series of steps or stages
 * Urban dwellers migrate less than rural dwellers
 * Women are more migratory than men over short distances
 * Migration increases with advances in technology

He was a geophysicist and philanthropist who described migration in terms of push and pull factors.
 * Lee's Theory**

Push Factors: Negative features that cause a person to move away from a specific country. Pull factors: Positive features or attractions that exist in another place.

+ =Advantages - =Disadvantages o =other unimportant less vital, variable factors
 * Supplementary Key**

Courtesy Nadia Baye. IB1B, SOS-HGIC